tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25588404025301139502024-02-20T13:20:44.275-08:00Ljubljana past and presentViktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2558840402530113950.post-82356623257795437832013-11-19T17:47:00.000-08:002013-11-19T10:18:02.398-08:00Transport in Ljubljana <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Transport </span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Air</span></u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik_Airport" title="Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport">Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a> code LJU),
located 26 kilometers (16 mi) northwest of the city, has flights to
numerous European destinations. Among the companies that fly from there
are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria_Airways" title="Adria Airways">Adria Airways</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Job_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Job Air (page does not exist)">Job Air</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_Airlines" title="Montenegro Airlines">Montenegro Airlines</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish
Airlines</a>. The destinations are mainly European.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana#cite_note-Transavion-158"></a></sup> This
airport has superseded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polje_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Polje Airport (page does not exist)">original Ljubljana airport</a>, in
operation from 1933 until 1963.<sup> </sup>It was located in the Municipality
of Polje (nowadays the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moste,_Ljubljana" title="Moste, Ljubljana">Moste
District</a>), on a plain between Ljubljanica and Sava next to the railroad in
Moste.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana#cite_note-Matjaz-160"></a></sup> There
was a military airport in Šiška from 1918 until 1929. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Rail</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Rail_Hub&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana Rail Hub (page does not exist)">Ljubljana Rail Hub</a>,
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_corridors" title="Pan-European corridors">Pan-European railway corridors</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-European_Corridor_V&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pan-European Corridor V (page does not exist)">V</a> (the fastest
link between the North Adriatic, and Central and Eastern Europe)<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana#cite_note-162"></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">X</a> (linking Central Europe with the Balkans) and
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_line_(railway)" title="Main line (railway)">main</a> European lines (E 65, E 69, E 70)
intersect.<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>All
international transit trains in Slovenia drive through the Ljubljana hub, and
all international passenger trains stop there. The area of Ljubljana has six
passenger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station" title="Railway station">stations</a> and nine stops. For passengers,
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Railways" title="Slovenian Railways">Slovenian Railways</a> company offers the
possibility to buy a daily or monthly city pass that can be used to travel
between them. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_railway_station" title="Ljubljana railway station">Ljubljana railway station</a> is the
central station of the hub. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Moste_Railway_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana Moste Railway Station (page does not exist)">Ljubljana Moste
Railway Station</a> is the largest Slovenian railway dispatching place.
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Zalog_Railway_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana Zalog Railway Station (page does not exist)">Ljubljana Zalog
Railway Station</a> is the central Slovenian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">rail yard</a>. There
are a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">industrial rails</a> in Ljubljana. At the end
of 2006 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle_funicular" title="Ljubljana Castle funicular">Ljubljana Castle funicular</a> started
to operate. The rail goes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krek_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Krek Square (page does not exist)">Krek Square</a> (<i>Krekov trg</i>)
near the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Central_Market" title="Ljubljana Central Market">Ljubljana Central Market</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle" title="Ljubljana Castle">Ljubljana
Castle</a>. It is especially popular among tourists. The full trip lasts
60 s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-69YBM5O3yso/UouSsyJujmI/AAAAAAAAIR8/I9EgeAlKCko/s1600/38205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-69YBM5O3yso/UouSsyJujmI/AAAAAAAAIR8/I9EgeAlKCko/s320/38205.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Central railway station once. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nZah_pTgJ78/UouTOilWcmI/AAAAAAAAISE/GfuAc9EU6Wo/s1600/DSC_0616.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nZah_pTgJ78/UouTOilWcmI/AAAAAAAAISE/GfuAc9EU6Wo/s320/DSC_0616.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ljubljana railway station today. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Roads</u></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ljubljana is located where Slovenia's two main freeways
intersect, connecting the freeway route from east to west, in line with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-European_Corridor_V&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pan-European Corridor V (page does not exist)">Pan-European Corridor V</a>,
and the freeway in the north–south direction, in line with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">Pan-European Corridor X</a>. The city is linked
to the southwest by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E70" title="European route E70">A1-E70</a> to the Italian cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and the
Croatian port of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana#cite_note-Michelin-172">[172]</a></sup> To
the north, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E57" title="European route E57">A1-E57</a> leads to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. To the
east, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E70" title="European route E70">A2-E70</a>links it with the Croatian capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, from where
one can go to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> or important cities of the former Yugoslavia,
such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.
To the northwest, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E61" title="European route E61">A2-E61</a> goes to the Austrian towns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>,
making it an important entry point for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern
European</a> tourists. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignette_(road_tax)" title="Vignette (road tax)">toll sticker</a> system has been in use on the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Ring_Road" title="Ljubljana Ring Road">Ljubljana Ring Road</a> since 1 July 2008. The
center of the city is more difficult to access especially in the peak hours due
to long arteries with traffic lights and a large number of daily commuters. The
strict city center has been closed for motor traffic since September 2007,
except for residents with permissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">P</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">ublic motorized road transport in Ljubljana was originally
a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_tram_system" style="font-family: inherit;" title="Ljubljana tram system">tram system completed in 1901</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. It was in use
from September 1901 until July 1928, when it was replaced with buses. Due to
the financial loss of the bus traffic, the buses were abolished in 1930 and
replaced with trams in 1931. In reached its final form with the length of 18.5
kilometers (11.5 mi) in 1940. In the post World War II era, the tram
system was taken out of service, as it took up a lot of space in an era when
automobiles were becoming increasingly more important. In Ljubljana, the tram's
end came in December 1958. Soon after the last day of operation, the tracks
were dismantled and the cars were transferred to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek#Transport" style="font-family: inherit;" title="Osijek">Osijek</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subotica" style="font-family: inherit;" title="Subotica">Subotica</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. Reintroduction
of an actual tram system to Ljubljana has been proposed repeatedly in the
2000s. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/6VMDmwd2kpWVprNkr70weMvNqYzSQoBPmxanujju_6Q=w142-h189-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/6VMDmwd2kpWVprNkr70weMvNqYzSQoBPmxanujju_6Q=w142-h189-p-no" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Tram (1901-1958) Tickets</span></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/D9V6zIL5_MvxIv6kwSf74JxJZlSI3teCaDJdh9AlUVI=w164-h217-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/D9V6zIL5_MvxIv6kwSf74JxJZlSI3teCaDJdh9AlUVI=w164-h217-p-no" width="151" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">It was once the tram in Ljubljana (1901-1958)</span></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/7mxDAIAUtOcu9wkIQI3j05cUVX-Mi1QSnsqwkc4u5mc=w277-h207-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="297" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/7mxDAIAUtOcu9wkIQI3j05cUVX-Mi1QSnsqwkc4u5mc=w277-h207-p-no" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Traim in Slovenian stret.</td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: inherit;">More of pictures you can see on:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5884938369669163201">https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5884938369669163201</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">City bus</span></u><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Bus_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana Bus Station (page does not exist)">Ljubljana Bus Station</a>,
the Ljubljana central bus hub, is located next to the Ljubljana railway
station. The city bus network, run by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Passenger_Transport" title="Ljubljana Passenger Transport">Ljubljana Passenger Transport</a> <a href="https://www.google.si/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpp.si%2F&ei=jpCLUqzUK8OShgfIvYGgCw&usg=AFQjCNEGPoz4QqQCqPpUZyUt8zR5C3gAEA&sig2=Q4WSpbcI8xT-sQ5czuSlYA&bvm=bv.56643336,d.ZG4"><span style="color: red;">(LPP)company</span></a>, is Ljubljana's most widely used means of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public
transport</a>. The fleet is relatively modern. The number of dedicated bus
lines is limited, which can cause problem in peak hours when traffic becomes
congested. Bus rides may be paid with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana_(payment_card)" title="Urbana (payment card)">Urbana payment card</a> (also used for the
funicular) or with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile phone</a>. Sometimes the buses are called <i>trole</i> (referring
to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley
poles</a>), harking back to the 1951–71 days when Ljubljana had <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> (<i>trolejbus</i>)
service. There were five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_trolleybus_system&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana trolleybus system (page does not exist)">trolleybus lines in
Ljubljana</a>, until 1958 alongside the tram. There are numerous taxi companies
in the city, but their services have been evaluated as bad. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Another mean of public road transport in the city center is
the Cavalier (<i>Kavalir</i>), an electric vehicle operated by LPP since May
2009. <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQM-yljRPeC36FEnzTbnmF82C0Y1upykl_CgSROMKlMBsrN0cD7" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQM-yljRPeC36FEnzTbnmF82C0Y1upykl_CgSROMKlMBsrN0cD7" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kavalir</td></tr>
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</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">There are two such vehicles in Ljubljana. The ride is free and there are
no stations because it can be stopped anywhere. It can carry up to five
passengers; most of them are elderly people and tourist. The Cavalier drives in
the car-free zone in the Ljubljana downtown. The first line links <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cop_Street" title="Čop Street">Čop
Street</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Wolf Street (page does not exist)">Wolf Street</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hribar_Embankment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hribar Embankment (page does not exist)">Hribar Embankment</a>, whereas
the second links <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Square,_Ljubljana" title="Town Square, Ljubljana">Town Square</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Square,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Upper Square, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Upper Square</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Square,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Old Square, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Old Square</a>. There is
also a tractor with wagons decorated to look like a train for tourists in
Ljubljana, linking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_and_Methodius_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cyril and Methodius Square (page does not exist)">Cyril and Methodius
Square</a> in the city center with Ljubljana Castle.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Trolleybus:</u></b></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/cxpVfurNBPTdfE8l274lcqcymuBLQ6UKVPe64ONEJcE=w276-h207-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/cxpVfurNBPTdfE8l274lcqcymuBLQ6UKVPe64ONEJcE=w276-h207-p-no" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ycxgqem9czI/UauCUKrwgmI/AAAAAAAAB5U/YDuacmUbe_4/w822-h552-no/Trolejbusi%252C+v+lj+od+leta+1958+pa+vse+do+1971.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ycxgqem9czI/UauCUKrwgmI/AAAAAAAAB5U/YDuacmUbe_4/w822-h552-no/Trolejbusi%252C+v+lj+od+leta+1958+pa+vse+do+1971.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>More pictures you can see on:</b> </span></div>
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<a href="https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5884940607693247921">https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5884940607693247921</a><br />
<b><u><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></u></b>
<b><u><span style="color: red;">Autobus:</span></u></b><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/kqGv80Q30N5SBkFVhazK2kUN5kvsT6ZnEjXWrS-w-ms=w276-h207-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/kqGv80Q30N5SBkFVhazK2kUN5kvsT6ZnEjXWrS-w-ms=w276-h207-p-no" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/kcXjVXeUv7llUdFv2cp7HkwBDlCvkpsgLvfQZlreXo8=w276-h207-p-no" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/kcXjVXeUv7llUdFv2cp7HkwBDlCvkpsgLvfQZlreXo8=w276-h207-p-no" /></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LPP_Mercedes-Benz_Citaro_L%C3%9C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LPP_Mercedes-Benz_Citaro_L%C3%9C.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LPP Autobus today.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>More pictures you can see on:</b> </span></div>
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<a href="https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5948003827787549361">https://plus.google.com/photos/101472632235043119358/albums/5948003827787549361</a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span></b>
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u>Bicycles</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">There is a considerable amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> traffic
in Ljubljana, especially in the warmer months of the year. It is also possible
to rent a bike. Since May 2011, the <a href="http://www.bicikelj.si/"><span style="color: red;">Bicikelj (Official page)</span></a>, a
self-service <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system" title="Bicycle sharing system">bicycle rental</a> system offers the
residents and visitors of Ljubljana 300 bicycles and 600 parking spots at 31
stations in the wider city center area. The daily number of rentals is around
2,500. There was a possibility to rent a bike even before the establishment of
Bicikelj. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">However, the conditions for cyclists in Ljubljana have been
criticized as unfortunate to date. This refers to cycle lanes in poor condition
and constructed in a way that motorized traffic is privileged. In contrast to
other European capitals, on some of the main streets cycling is forbidden; for
example, on part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovenska_cesta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Slovenska cesta (page does not exist)">Slovenska cesta</a> (Slovene
Street) and on a new link road on the <u>Fabiani Bridge<sup> </sup></u>across
the Ljubljanica River connecting Hrvatski trg and Roška cesta. There are also
many one-way streets which therefore cannot be used as alternate routes so it
is difficult to legally travel by bicycle through the city center. Through
years, some prohibitions have been partially abolished by marking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_lane" title="Cycle lane">cycle lanes</a> on
the pavement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Water</u></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The river transport on the Ljubljanica and the Sava was the
main means of cargo transport to and from the city until the mid-19th century,
when railroads were built. Today, the Ljubljanica is used by a number of
tourist ships, with wharves under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchers%27_Bridge" title="Butchers' Bridge">Butchers'
Bridge</a>, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_Square,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fish Square, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Fish Square</a>, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_Square,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Court Square, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Court Square</a>,
at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breg,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Breg, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Breg</a>, at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poljane_Embankment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Poljane Embankment (page does not exist)">Poljane Embankment</a>, and
elsewhere.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://scontent-b-cdg.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-frc3/s720x720/182589_4951388788392_1060882925_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://scontent-b-cdg.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-frc3/s720x720/182589_4951388788392_1060882925_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ljubljana market, behind the Cathedral, on the right side Kresija<br />
Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
Viktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2558840402530113950.post-25971300268771733732013-11-19T15:31:00.000-08:002013-11-19T07:23:28.863-08:00Cityscape of Ljubljana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Cityscape</span></b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik_(1943),_Zbirka_upodobitev_znanih_Slovencev_NUK.jpg_-_Crop1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik_(1943),_Zbirka_upodobitev_znanih_Slovencev_NUK.jpg_-_Crop1.jpg" width="138" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jože Plečnik</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edvard_Ravnikar_1961.jpg/220px-Edvard_Ravnikar_1961.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edvard_Ravnikar_1961.jpg/220px-Edvard_Ravnikar_1961.jpg" width="137" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edvard Ravnikar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The city architecture is a mix of styles. Despite the appearance of large
buildings, especially at the city's edge, Ljubljana's historic center remains
intact. Although the oldest architecture has been preserved from the Roman
period, Ljubljana's downtown got its outline in the Middle Ages.<sup> </sup>After
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1511_Western_Slovenia_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1" title="1511 Western Slovenia earthquake (page does not exist)">1511 earthquake</a>,
it was rebuilt in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque style</a> following Italian, particularly Venetian,
models. After the quake in 1895, it was once again rebuilt, this time in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna
Secession</a> style, which today is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque
style buildings that remain. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The large sectors built in the inter-war period
often include a personal touch by the architects <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Plečnik">Jože
Plečnik</a><sup> </sup>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vurnik" title="Ivan Vurnik">Ivan Vurnik</a>.<sup>
</sup>In the second half of the 20th century, parts of Ljubljana were
redesigned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Ravnikar" title="Edvard Ravnikar">Edvard Ravnikar</a>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u>Prominent buildings:</u></span></b></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uRDEVVE0EDQ/UotvYWfxd1I/AAAAAAAAIQ4/JztMW5SHSws/s1600/DSC_0180.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uRDEVVE0EDQ/UotvYWfxd1I/AAAAAAAAIQ4/JztMW5SHSws/s320/DSC_0180.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prešeren Square. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The central square in Ljubljana is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1eren_Square" title="Prešeren Square"><span style="color: red;">Prešeren
Square</span></a> (<i>Prešernov trg</i>) where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Church_of_the_Annunciation" title="Franciscan Church of the Annunciation"><span style="color: red;">Franciscan Church of the
Annunciation</span></a> (<i>Frančiškanska cerkev</i>) is located. It is the
parish church of Ljubljana - Annunciation Parish. Built between 1646 and 1660
(the belltowers following later), it replaced an older Gothic church on the
same site. The layout takes the form of an early-Baroque basilica with one nave
and two rows ol lateral chapels. The Baroque main altar was executed by the
sculptor Francesco Robba. Much of the original frescos were ruined by the
cracks in the ceiling caused by the Ljubljana earthquake in 1895. The new
frescos were painted by the Slovene <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist" title="Impressionist">impressionist</a> painter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_Sternen" title="Matej Sternen">Matej
Sternen</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle" title="Ljubljana Castle"><span style="color: red;">Ljubljana Castle</span></a> (<i>Ljubljanski grad</i>) is
a medieval castle with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> architectural elements,
located at the summit of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle_Hill,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Castle Hill, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Castle Hill</a> that
dominates the city center. The area surrounding today's castle has been
continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.<sup> </sup>The castle was built in the
12th century and was a residence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margraves</a>,
later the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Dukes of Carniola</a>.<sup> </sup>The castle's
Outlook Tower dates to 1848; this was inhabited by a guard whose duty it was to
fire cannons warning the city in case of fire or announcing important visitors
or events, a function the castle still holds today.<sup> </sup>Cultural events
and weddings also take place there. Since 2006, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle_funicular" title="Ljubljana Castle funicular">funicular</a> has linked the city center
to the castle atop the hill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PFOVshcofHw/UotyHkOBmdI/AAAAAAAAIRY/rv8NJniDgBY/s1600/DSC_0102.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PFOVshcofHw/UotyHkOBmdI/AAAAAAAAIRY/rv8NJniDgBY/s200/DSC_0102.JPG" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robba fountain. <br />Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall,_Ljubljana" title="Town Hall, Ljubljana"><span style="color: red;">Town Hall</span></a> (<i>Mestna hiša</i>, <i>Magistrat</i>),
located on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Square,_Ljubljana" title="Town Square, Ljubljana">Town Square</a>, is the seat of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Ljubljana" title="City Municipality of Ljubljana">City Municipality of Ljubljana</a>. The
original building was built in a Gothic style in 1484. Between 1717 and 1719,<sup>
</sup>the building underwent a Baroque renovation with a Venetian inspiration
by the architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Ma%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gregor Maček (page does not exist)">Gregor Maček</a>. Near the Town
Hall, on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Square,_Ljubljana" title="Town Square, Ljubljana">Town Square</a>, is a replica of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robba_fountain" title="Robba fountain"><span style="color: red;">Robba
fountain</span></a>, in the Baroque style. The original has been moved into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Slovenia" title="National Gallery of Slovenia">National Gallery</a> in 2006. Robba's
fountain is decorated with an obelisk at the foot of which are three figures in
white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Robba" title="Francesco Robba">Francesco
Robba</a>, who designed numerous other Baroque statues in the city. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_70lRWiTVA/Uot0QXPKSaI/AAAAAAAAIRg/4dVRYm2qDv0/s1600/DSC_0219.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p_70lRWiTVA/Uot0QXPKSaI/AAAAAAAAIRg/4dVRYm2qDv0/s200/DSC_0219.JPG" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cathedral. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Cathedral" title="Ljubljana Cathedral"><span style="color: red;">Ljubljana Cathedral</span></a> (<i>Ljubljanska stolnica</i>),
or Saint Nicholas's Cathedral (<i>Stolnica svetega Nikolaja</i>), serves the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Ljubljana" title="Archdiocese of Ljubljana">Archdiocese of Ljubljana</a>. Easily
identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it is located on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_and_Methodius_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Cyril and Methodius Square (page does not exist)">Cyril and Methodius
Square</a> (<i>Ciril-Metodov trg</i>) by the nearby <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Central_Market" title="Ljubljana Central Market">Ljubljana Central Market</a> and the Town Hall.<sup>
</sup>The Diocese of Ljubljana was set up in 1461. Between 1701 and 1706, the
Jesuit architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Pozzo" title="Andrea Pozzo">Andrea Pozzo</a> designed the Baroque church with two
side chapels shaped in the form of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Latin
cross</a>.<sup> </sup>The dome was built in the center in 1841.<sup> </sup>The
interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Quaglio_(painter)" title="Giulio Quaglio (painter)">Giulio Quaglio</a> between 1703–1706 and
1721–1723. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TaSgRE9U7rA/Uotv43JfBkI/AAAAAAAAIRA/8vxKLHvzHn4/s1600/DSC_0450+-+Kopija.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TaSgRE9U7rA/Uotv43JfBkI/AAAAAAAAIRA/8vxKLHvzHn4/s200/DSC_0450+-+Kopija.JPG" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skyscraper. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neboti%C4%8Dnik" title="Nebotičnik"><span style="color: red;">Nebotičnik</span></a> (pronounced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nɛbɔtiːtʃniːk]</a>,
"Skyscraper") is a thirteen-story building that rises to a height of
70.35 m (231 ft). It combines elements of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art-Deco" title="Art-Deco">Art-Deco</a> architecture.
Predominantly a place of business, Nebotičnik is home to a variety of shops on
the ground floor and first story, and various offices are located on floors two
to five. The sixth to ninth floors are private residences. Located on the top
three floors are a café, bar and observation deck.<sup> </sup>It was designed
by the Slovenian architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%A0ubic" title="Vladimir Šubic">Vladimir
Šubic</a>. Construction began in July 1930 and the building opened on 21
February 1933. It was for some time the tallest residential building in
Europe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Parks and other green spaces:</u></b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Park_(Ljubljana)" title="Tivoli Park (Ljubljana)"><span style="color: red;">Tivoli Park</span></a> (<i>Park Tivoli</i>) is
the largest park in Ljubljana.<sup> </sup>It was designed in 1813 by the French
engineer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Blanchard" title="Jean Blanchard">Jean Blanchard</a> and now covers approximately
5 km<sup>2</sup> (1.9 sq mi).<sup> </sup>The park was laid
out during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Empire" title="French First Empire">French imperial</a> administration of
Ljubljana in 1813 and named after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_de_Tivoli,_Paris" title="Jardin de Tivoli, Paris">Jardins de Tivoli</a>.<sup> </sup>Between 1921
and 1939, it was renovated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a> architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Plečnik">Jože
Plečnik</a>, who designed a broad central promenade, called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakopi%C4%8D_Promenade&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jakopič Promenade (page does not exist)"><span style="color: red;">Jakopič Promenade</span></a> (<i>Jakopičevo
sprehajališče</i>) after the leading Slovene <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionist</a> painter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard_Jakopi%C4%8D" title="Rihard Jakopič">Rihard
Jakopič</a>. Within the park, there are different types of trees, flower
gardens, several statues, and fountains.<sup> </sup>Several notable buildings
stand in the Park, among them the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Castle" title="Tivoli Castle">Tivoli
Castle</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Contemporary_History" title="National Museum of Contemporary History">National Museum of Contemporary
History</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Hall" title="Tivoli Hall">Tivoli Sports Hall</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tivoli%E2%80%93Ro%C5%BEnik_Hill%E2%80%93%C5%A0i%C5%A1ka_Hill_Landscape_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park (page does not exist)"><span style="color: red;">Tivoli–Rožnik
Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park</span></a> is located in the western part of the
city. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Botanic_Gardens,_Ljubljana" title="University Botanic Gardens, Ljubljana">University Botanic Gardens</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i>Univerzitetni
botanični vrt Univerze v Ljubljani</i>) stretch on 2.40 hectares
(5.9 acres) next to the junction of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruber_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gruber Canal (page does not exist)"><span style="color: red;">Gruber Canal</span></a> and the
Ljubljanica, to the south of the Old Town. These are the central Slovenian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical
garden</a> and the oldest cultural, scientific, and educational
organisation in the country. It started operating under the leadership of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Hladnik" title="Franc Hladnik">Franc
Hladnik</a> in 1810. Of over 4,500 plant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>,
roughly a third is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Slovenia, whereas the rest originate from
other European places and other continents. The institution is a member of the
international network <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_Conservation_International" title="Botanic Gardens Conservation International">Botanic Gardens Conservation
International</a> and cooperates with more than 270 botanical gardens all
across the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u>Streets and squares:</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Existing already in the 18th century, the Ljubljana central square, the <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1eren_Square,_Ljubljana" title="Prešeren Square, Ljubljana"><span style="color: red;">Prešeren Square</span></a>'s</span> modern appearance has
developed since the end of the 19th century. After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_Ljubljana_earthquake" title="1895 Ljubljana earthquake">1895 Ljubljana earthquake</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fabiani" title="Max Fabiani">Max Fabiani</a> designed
the square as the hub of four streets and four banks, and in the 1980s, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Ravnikar" title="Edvard Ravnikar">Edvard
Ravnikar</a> proposed the circular design and the granite block pavement.<sup>
</sup>A statue of the Slovene <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national
poet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">France Prešeren</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse" title="Muse">muse</a> stands in the
middle of the square. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1eren_Statue,_Ljubljana" title="Prešeren Statue, Ljubljana">Prešeren Statue</a> was created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Zajec&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ivan Zajec (page does not exist)">Ivan Zajec</a> in 1905, whereas
the pedestal was designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fabiani" title="Max Fabiani">Max Fabiani</a>.
The square and surroundings have been closed to traffic since 1 September 2007.<sup>
</sup>Only a tourist train leaves Prešeren Square every day, transporting
tourists to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle" title="Ljubljana Castle">Ljubljana Castle</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square,_Ljubljana" title="Republic Square, Ljubljana"><span style="color: red;">Republic Square</span></a>, at first named
Revolution Square, is the largest square in Ljubljana.<sup> </sup>It was
designed in the second half of the 20th century by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Ravnikar" title="Edvard Ravnikar">Edvard
Ravnikar</a>.<sup> </sup>Independence of Slovenia was declared here on 26 June
1991.<sup> </sup>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_Building,_Ljubljana" title="National Assembly Building, Ljubljana">National Assembly Building</a> stands
at its northern side, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cankar_Hall" title="Cankar Hall">Cankar Hall</a>, the largest Slovenian cultural and
congress center, at the southern side.<sup> </sup>At its eastern side stands
the two-storey building of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximarket&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Maximarket (page does not exist)">Maximarket</a>, also work of Ravnikar.
It houses one of the oldest department stores in Ljubljana and a cafe, which is
a popular meeting place and a place of political talks and negotiations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Square" title="Congress Square"><span style="color: red;">Congress Square</span></a> (<i>Kongresni trg</i>) is one
of the most important centers of the city. It was built in 1821 for ceremonial
purposes such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Laibach" title="Congress of Laibach">Congress of Ljubljana</a> after which it was
named. Since then it became an important center for political ceremonies,
demonstrations and protests, such as the ceremony at creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, ceremony of liberation
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>,
protests against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">Yugoslav authority</a> in 1988 etc. The square also
houses several important buildings, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana" title="University of Ljubljana">University of Ljubljana</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Philharmonic" title="Slovenian Philharmonic">Slovenian Philharmonic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursuline_Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity" title="Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity">Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity</a>,
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenska_matica" title="Slovenska matica">Slovenska matica</a>. <span style="color: red;">Star Park</span> (<i>Park Zvezda</i>)
is located in the center of the square. In 2010 and 2011, the square was
heavily renovated and is now mostly closed to road traffic on ground area,
however there are five floors for commercial purposes and a parking lot located
underground. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cop_Street,_Ljubljana" title="Čop Street, Ljubljana"><span style="color: red;">Čop Street</span></a> </span>(<i>Čopova ulica</i>) is a
major thoroughfare in the center of Ljubljana. The street is named after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_%C4%8Cop" title="Matija Čop">Matija
Čop</a>, an early 19th-century literary figure and close friend of the Slovene <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic
poet</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">France Prešeren</a>. It leads from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Post_Office,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Main Post Office, Ljubljana (page does not exist)"><span style="color: red;">Main Post Office</span></a> (<i>Glavna
pošta</i>) on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovenian_Street,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Slovenian Street, Ljubljana (page does not exist)"><span style="color: red;">Slovenian Street</span></a> (<i>Slovenska
cesta</i>) downward to Prešeren Square and is lined with bars and stores,
including the oldest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's restaurant</a> in Slovenia. It is a
pedestrian zone and regarded as the capital's central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade" title="Promenade">promenade</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Bridges:</u></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Triple Bridge over the Ljubljanica River in the city center.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The most notable Ljubljana bridges are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Bridge" title="Triple Bridge">Triple
Bridge</a> (<i>Tromostovje</i>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnovo_Bridge" title="Trnovo Bridge">Trnovo
Bridge</a> (<i>Trnovski most</i>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Ljubljana)" title="Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)">Dragon Bridge</a> (<i>Zmajski most</i>),
the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hradecky_Bridge" title="Hradecky Bridge">Hradecky Bridge</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i>Hradeckega
most</i>), and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchers%27_Bridge" title="Butchers' Bridge">Butchers'
Bridge</a> (<i>Mesarski most</i>). The Trnovo Bridge crosses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Dica" title="Gradaščica">Gradaščica</a>,
whereas the others cross the Ljubljanica.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xNVvXGwRZIM/UotylsTMnEI/AAAAAAAAIP8/NAG8mnPSBV8/s1600/Na%C4%8Drt+-+situacija.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xNVvXGwRZIM/UotylsTMnEI/AAAAAAAAIP8/NAG8mnPSBV8/s200/Na%C4%8Drt+-+situacija.gif" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plan for triple bridge - Jože Plečnik .</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red;">The Triple Bridge</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Triple Bridge is a group of three bridges, connecting two parts of
Ljubljana's downtown, located on both banks of Ljubljanica. There was
originally only one bridge, which linked Central Europe and the Balkans. In
order to prevent a 1842 stone <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridge</a> from
being a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck_(traffic)" title="Bottleneck (traffic)">bottleneck</a>, two additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a> bridges
on either side of the central one were added in 1932 according to the Plečnik's
1929 design. He decorated them with large stone<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balusters</a> and
lamps. There are two staircases, leading to terraces above the river, the banks
with poplars, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_market,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fish market, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Ljubljana fish market</a>.
Two Plečnik's urban axes of Ljubljana, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_axis,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Water axis, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">water axis</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Castle%E2%80%93Ro%C5%BEnik_Axis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ljubljana Castle–Rožnik Axis (page does not exist)">Ljubljana
Castle–Rožnik Axis</a>, cross at the bridge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red;">The Trnovo Bridge</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Trnovo Bridge is the most prominent object of Plečnik's renovation of
the banks of the Gradaščica. It is located in front of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trnovo_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Trnovo Church (page does not exist)">Trnovo Church</a> to the south
of the city center. It connects the neighborhoods of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krakovo&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Krakovo (page does not exist)">Krakovo</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnovo,_Ljubljana" title="Trnovo, Ljubljana">Trnovo</a>,
the oldest Ljubljana suburbs, known for their market gardens and cultural
events.<sup> </sup>It was built between 1929 and 1932. It is distinguished by
its width and two rows of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birches</a> that it bears, because it was meant to serve as a
public space in front of the church. Each corner of the bridge is capped with a
small pyramid, a signature motif of Plečnik's, whereas the mid-span features a
pair of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art-Deco" title="Art-Deco">Art-Deco</a> male
sculptures. There is also a statue of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint
John the Baptist</a> on the bridge, the patron of the Trnovo Church. It
was designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaj_Pirnat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nikolaj Pirnat (page does not exist)">Nikolaj Pirnat</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qdejd81DiNo/Uotw4_xZJ5I/AAAAAAAAIRQ/XOIAQN7mKg4/s1600/DSC_0275.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qdejd81DiNo/Uotw4_xZJ5I/AAAAAAAAIRQ/XOIAQN7mKg4/s200/DSC_0275.JPG" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dragon Bridge.<br />Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><br /></u></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red;">The Dragon Bridge</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Dragon Bridge, built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Melan" title="Josef Melan">Josef Melan</a> and
designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurij_Zaninovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jurij Zaninović (page does not exist)">Jurij Zaninović</a>, is often
regarded as the most beautiful bridge produced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna
Secession</a>.<sup> </sup>It is located in the northeast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodnik_Square" title="Vodnik Square">Vodnik
Square</a> (<i>Vodnikov trg</i>) It is a triple-hinged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">arch bridge</a> and
has a span of 33.34 meters (109 ft 5 in).<sup> </sup>When opened
in 1901, it had the third largest arch in Europe.<sup> </sup>Today, it is
protected as a technical monument.<sup> </sup>The chief attraction of the
bridge are four sheet-copper dragon statues,<sup> </sup>which stand on
pedestals at its four corners<sup> </sup>and have become a symbol of the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red;">The Hradecky Bridge</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Hradecky Bridge is one of the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinged_bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hinged bridge (page does not exist)">hinged bridges</a> in the
world, the first<sup> </sup>and the only preserved <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> bridge
in Slovenia and one of its most highly valued technical achievements.<sup> </sup>It
has been situated on an extension of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hren_Street,_Ljubljana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hren Street, Ljubljana (page does not exist)">Hren Street</a> (<i>Hrenova
ulica</i>), between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krakovo_Embankment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Krakovo Embankment (page does not exist)">Krakovo Embankment</a> (<i>Krakovski
nasip</i>) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruden_Embankment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gruden Embankment (page does not exist)">Gruden Embankment</a> (<i>Grudnovo
nabrežje</i>), connecting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnovo,_Ljubljana" title="Trnovo, Ljubljana">Trnovo
District</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prule&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Prule (page does not exist)">Prule</a> neighbourhood in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center,_Ljubljana" title="Center, Ljubljana">Center
District</a>. The Hradecky Bridge was manufactured according to the plans of
the senior engineer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Hermann_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Johann Hermann (engineer) (page does not exist)">Johann Hermann</a> from
Vienna in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auersperg_iron_foundry,_Dvor&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Auersperg iron foundry, Dvor (page does not exist)">Auersperg iron
foundry</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvor,_%C5%BDu%C5%BEemberk" title="Dvor, Žužemberk">Dvor near Žužemberk</a> and installed in Ljubljana in
1867, at the location of today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobblers%27_Bridge" title="Cobblers' Bridge">Cobblers'
Bridge</a>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: red;">The Butchers' Bridge</span></u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Butchers' Bridge is a footbridge crossing the river Ljubljanica River.
It connects <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Central_Market" title="Ljubljana Central Market">Ljubljana Central Market</a> (<i>Osrednja
ljubljanska tržnica</i>) and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petkov%C5%A1ek_embankment&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Petkovšek embankment (page does not exist)">Petkovšek embankment</a> (<i>Petkovškovo
nabrežje</i>). It was officially opened in July 2010 and completes Plečnik's
plans from the 1930s. The largest sculptures on the bridge, created by the
sculptor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Brdar" title="Jakov Brdar">Jakov Brdar</a>, represent figures from Ancient Greek
mythology and Biblical stories. Shortly after the opening, padlocks of couples
in love started appearing on its steel wires, symbolizing declarations of
eternal love, a phenomenon similar to the one on the Parisian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_des_Arts" title="Pont des Arts">Pont
des Arts</a>.</span></div>
</div>
Viktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2558840402530113950.post-86355611034363690802013-11-19T13:53:00.000-08:002013-11-19T06:53:04.767-08:00History of Ljubljana <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">History</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u>Prehistory:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes in the immediate vicinity of
Ljubljana were settled by people living in pile dwellings. These lake-dwelling
people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around
the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree
trunks. Their archeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have
been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common
nomination of six Alpine states.[13]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Later, the area remained a transit point for numerous tribes and peoples,
among them Illyrians, followed by a mixed nation of Celts and Illyrians called
the Iapydes, and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Antiquity:</u></span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Main article: Emona</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hYoiBF3qI9o/Uklat3CiyRI/AAAAAAAAEf0/VEOCE8H1XV4/w368-h552-no/DSC_1796.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hYoiBF3qI9o/Uklat3CiyRI/AAAAAAAAEf0/VEOCE8H1XV4/w368-h552-no/DSC_1796.JPG" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ljubljana from IV - XVIII century.<br />Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a
permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona. This entrenched fort was occupied by
the Legio XV Apollinaris. In 452, it was destroyed by the Huns under Attila's
orders,[16] and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards.[18] Emona housed
5,000–6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during numerous battles.
Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colors, were already connected
to a drainage system.[16] In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes
moved in. In the 9th century, the Slovenes fell under Frankish domination,
while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. Not much is known about the area
during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and
the Early Middle Ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Middle Ages:</u></span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The medieval Ljubljana's oldest mentioning was found in 2000 at the
occasion of 500 anniversary of House of Gorizia's dissolution in a document
from the Udine Cathedral archive, dating from 1112 to 1125, that cited
Ljubljana Castle (castrum Leibach) and twenty farms surrounding it as a gift
received by Patriarchate of Aquileia from a nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento. Whereas
at the time, Ljubljana Castle was in ownership of the Spanheim family, the
surrounding agrarian estate belonged to a number of noblemen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">When exactly Ljubljana acquired its town rights is not known, but it was no
later than 1220.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">At around 1200, the right to hold a market was granted to the Old Square
(Stari trg), which was at the time one of the three districts Ljubljana
originated from, that additionally included area called "Town" built
around the predecessor of present-day Ljubljana Cathedral on one side of
Ljubljanica river, and New Square (Novi trg) at the other side. The Franciscan
Bridge, a predecessor of present-day Triple Bridge, and the Butchers' Bridge
connected the walled areas with wood-made buildings. Seven fires erupted in the
city during the Middle Ages. Artisans organized themselves into guilds. The
Teutonic Knights, the Conventual Franciscans, and the Franciscans settled in
the town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1327, the Ljubljana's "Jewish Quarter"—now only the name of
Ljubljana "Jewish street" is a remainder of it—with a synagogue was
established, until Emperor Maximilian I in 1515 succumbed to medieval
antisemitism and expelled Jews from Ljubljana, for which he demanded a certain
payment from the town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1382, in front of Ljubljana St. Bartholomew's church, located in Šiška,
at the time a village, a peace treaty between the Republic of Venice and
Leopold III of Habsburg was signed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ruled by King Ottokar II of Bohemia from 1270, Ljubljana was— together with
Carniola region the city belonged to—conquered in 1278 by Rudolph of Habsburg and
administered by the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335, when it became the
capital city of Carniola. Renamed Laibach, it would be owned by the House of
Habsburg until 1797.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b><u>Early modern:</u></b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognized for its art, particularly
painting and sculpture. The Roman Rite Catholic Diocese of Ljubljana was
established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan
cathedral. After an earthquake in 1511, the city was rebuilt in Renaissance
style and a new wall was built around it. Wooden buildings were forbidden after
a large fire at New Square in 1524.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of
whom spoke Slovene as their first language, with most of the rest using German.
The first secondary school, public library and printing house opened in
Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational center.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">From 1529 to 1599, Ljubljana had an active Slovene Protestant community
until their expulsion after which Catholic Bishop Tomaž Hren ordered the
burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books in public marking the beginning
of the Counter-Reformation.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rRm3D8AZnvs/Ukla30R68iI/AAAAAAAAEf8/UxTwS28XyxA/w828-h552-no/DSC_1792.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rRm3D8AZnvs/Ukla30R68iI/AAAAAAAAEf8/UxTwS28XyxA/w828-h552-no/DSC_1792.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ljubljana in 1745. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1597, Jesuits arrived in the city, followed in 1606 by Capuchins, to
eradicate Protestantism. Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time
were of Catholic confession, so it took quite a while to make it again
Catholic. Jesuits organized the first theatrical productions in the town,
fostered the development of Baroque music and established Catholic schools. In
the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built
and renovated numerous monasteries, churches, and palaces in Ljubljana and
introduced the Baroque architecture. In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the
town, where, the following year, they opened the first public school for girls
in the Slovene Lands. Some years later, the construction of the Ursuline Church
of the Holy Trinity started. In 1779, St. Christopher's Cemetery replaced the
cemetery at St. Peter's Church as the main Ljubljana cemetery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u>Late Modern:</u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GC9cxp72SAo/UklcWLjkXKI/AAAAAAAAEgQ/TymrbTSRhfI/w368-h552-no/DSC_1804.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GC9cxp72SAo/UklcWLjkXKI/AAAAAAAAEgQ/TymrbTSRhfI/w368-h552-no/DSC_1804.JPG" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ljubljana in 1842. Photo: Viktorija Rozman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Napoleonic interlude saw Ljubljana as "Laybach" become, from
1809 to 1813, the capital of the Illyrian Provinces. In 1815, the city became
Austrian again and from 1816 to 1849 was the administrative center of the
Kingdom of Illyria in the Austrian Empire. In 1821 it hosted the Congress of
Laibach, which fixed European political borders for years to come. The first
train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line was extended to Trieste.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a serious earthquake
measuring 6.1 degrees Richter and 8–9 degrees MCS. Some 10% of its 1,400
buildings were destroyed, although casualties were light. During the
reconstruction that followed, a number of districts were rebuilt in the Vienna
Secession style. Public electric lighting appeared in the city in 1898. The
rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of
Ljubljana" because of architectural changes from which a great deal of the
city dates back to today and for reform of urban administration, health,
education and tourism that followed. The rebuilding and quick modernization of
the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1918, following the end of World War I and the dissolution of
Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In
1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and on 3 May
1941 made Lubiana the capital of an Italian Provincia di Lubiana with the
former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation,
Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in
1943 but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9
May 1945. In Ljubljana, the occupying forces established strongholds and
command centers of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia
under Italy and the Home Guard under German occupation. The city was surrounded
by over 30 kilometers (19 mi) of barbed wire to prevent co-operation between
the resistance movement that operated within and outside the fence. Since 1985,
a commemorative path has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. Postwar
reprisals resulted in a number of mass graves in Ljubljana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic
of Slovenia, part of Communist Yugoslavia, a status it retained until Slovenia
became independent in 1991.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b><u>Contemporary:</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ljubljana remains the capital of independent Slovenia, which entered the
European Union in 2004.</span><br />
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-size: large;">References: </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana</a></span></h2>
</div>
</div>
Viktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2558840402530113950.post-47918123975211307472013-11-18T16:44:00.000-08:002013-11-18T08:50:50.953-08:00Some information about Ljubljana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #cccccc;">LJUBLJANA</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg/100px-Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="122" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg/100px-Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg/150px-Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg/200px-Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: 19.1875px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" class="thumbborder" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg/150px-Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg/200px-Flag_of_Ljubljana.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></span></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #cccccc;">Here are a few words about the place, origin of the name and symbol of Ljubljana.</span></b></div>
<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"></span><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6UGwQ-1ml-4/UopCfMgpt5I/AAAAAAAAIE0/HOPE7tn0Rs0/s1600/2+%2528153%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #cccccc; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6UGwQ-1ml-4/UopCfMgpt5I/AAAAAAAAIE0/HOPE7tn0Rs0/s320/2+%2528153%2529.JPG" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #cccccc;">©Viktorija Rozman</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: center;"><b><u>Coordinates:</u></b> </span><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: center;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°03′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°30′30″E</span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"><b><u>Country:</u></b> </span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title=""Slovenia" "><span style="color: #0b0080; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Slovenia" border="0" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Vaychy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="23" /></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"> <span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Municipality:</u></b> <span style="color: #0b0080; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Ljubljana" style="line-height: 107%;" title="City Municipality of Ljubljana">City Municipality of Ljubljana</a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>First mention:</u> </b>1112–1125<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><u>Town rights:</u> </span></b><span style="line-height: 107%;">around 1220</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><u><b>Mayor:</b></u><b> </b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Jankovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Zoran Janković (politician)"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Zoran Janković</span></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Slovenia" title="Positive Slovenia"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PS</span></a>)</span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><u>Area:</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Total: </span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;">163.8 km</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">2</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (63.2 sq mi)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • </span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Elevation</b><span style="color: #0b0080; font-size: x-small;"><b>: </b></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">295 m (968 ft)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Population:</u> </b>(1 January 2013)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Total: </span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;">274,826</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Density: </span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,678/km</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">2</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (4,350/sq mi)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Time zone:</u> </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time" style="font-family: inherit;" title="Central European Time"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CET</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1" style="font-family: inherit;" title="UTC+1"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">UTC+1</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Summer (<span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DST</span>): </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" style="font-family: inherit;" title="Central European Summer Time"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">CEST</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2" style="font-family: inherit;" title="UTC+2"><span style="color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">UTC+2</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Postal code:</u> </b>1000</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b>Area code(s):<span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></b>01 (1 if calling from abroad)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b>Vehicle Registration: </b>LJ</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Website:</u> </b><span style="color: #663366; line-height: 107%; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.ljubljana.si/" style="line-height: 107%;">www.ljubljana.si</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"><b>Ljubljana</b> (<small>locally: </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Help:IPA">[ljubˈljana]</a></span><small class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ljubljana.ogg" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="File:Ljubljana.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Sl-Ljubljana.ogg" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sl-Ljubljana.ogg">listen</a>)</small>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="German language">German</a>: <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Laibach</i></span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Lubiana</i></span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Labacum</i></span> or <i>Aemona</i>) is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. It is located in the heart of the country in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Basin" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Ljubljana Basin">Ljubljana Basin</a>, and is the center of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Ljubljana" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="City Municipality of Ljubljana">City Municipality of Ljubljana</a>. With approximately 280,000 inhabitants, it is classified as the only Slovenian large town.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 10.828125px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_world" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Slavic world">Slavic world</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"> with the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language_in_Europe" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="German language in Europe">Germanic</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Romance languages">Latin</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;"> cultures. </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniola" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>. Now it is the cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center of Slovenia, independent since 1991.</span><span style="line-height: 10.828125px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: left;">Its central geographic location within Slovenia, transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-size: large;">Name:</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">The origin of the city's name is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were also known by the German name </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Laibach</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, which was in official use until 1918. For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and the German names. The origin from the</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">ljub</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">- </span><span class="Unicode" style="line-height: 19.1875px;" title="English pronunciation respelling"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" style="background-image: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><b><span class="smallcaps"><span class="SMALLCAPS" style="font-variant: small-caps;"><span class="NOCAPS" style="text-transform: lowercase;">lyoob</span></span></span></b></i></a></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> 'to love, like' was in 2007 supported as the most probable by the linguist </span><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tijmen_Pronk&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Tijmen Pronk (page does not exist)">Tijmen Pronk</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, a specialist in comparative </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European linguistics</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_dialects" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Slovene dialects">Slovene dialectology</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> from the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leiden" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Leiden">University of Leiden</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 13.328125px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">He supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 13.328125px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">The linguist </span><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvo_Torkar&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Silvo Torkar (page does not exist)">Silvo Torkar</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, who specializes in Slovene personal and place names,</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 13.328125px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">argued at the same place for the thesis that the name </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Ljubljana</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> derives from </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Ljubija</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, the original name of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljanica" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Ljubljanica">Ljubljanica River</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> flowing through it, itself derived from the Old Slavic male name </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Ljubovid</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, "the one of a kind appearance". The name </span><i style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Laibach</i><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">, he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene and derived from the same personal name.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #cccccc;">Symbol: </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">he symbol of the city is the </span><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana_Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Ljubljana Dragon (page does not exist)">Ljubljana Dragon</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">. It is depicted on the top of the tower of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana_Castle" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Ljubljana Castle">Ljubljana Castle</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> in the Ljubljana coat-of-arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Ljubljana)" style="background-image: none; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)">Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)</a><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">(</span><span lang="sl" style="line-height: 19.1875px;" xml:lang="sl"><i>Zmajski most</i></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">).</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 13.328125px;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">It symbolizes power, courage, and greatness. </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to the celebrated </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Greek mythology">Greek legend</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> on their return home after having taken the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Fleece" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhnika" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Vrhnika">Vrhnika</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and Ljubljana. It is there that </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jason">Jason</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> struck down a monster. This monster has become the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Dragon">dragon</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> that today is present on the city coat of arms and flag.It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Saint George">Saint George</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Paganism">paganism</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;"> overcome by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" style="background-image: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Baroque">Baroque</a><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 19.1875px;">, it became part of the coat of arms and in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements.</span></span></div>
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Viktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.comLjubljana, Slovenija46.056450899999987 14.5080702000000245.880177899999985 14.18534670000002 46.232723899999989 14.830793700000021tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2558840402530113950.post-26815328059576036472013-11-18T14:34:00.000-08:002013-11-18T05:35:31.284-08:00Welcome to the new blog - Ljubljana past and present<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Welcome to the new blog, which you will through photos, stories, <b>Ljubljana address shown in the image of its past and present</b>. All photos from the past are found on other websites, archives, where the author is unknown to most. Photos of Ljubljana in the present form are <b>© Victoria Rozman Bitenc</b>, so any photo copying prohibited. <b>Images are protected for this purpose.</b><br />
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Viktorija Rozman Bitenchttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17884643827577053196noreply@blogger.com